Evaluating Public Interventions that Impact Market Prices

Evaluating Public Interventions that Impact Market Prices What measurement tools can we use to evaluate public interventions that affect market prices? How might these be used to explain the concept of transfer efficiency? (9 Marks) (a) To justify public intervention it is necessary to identify the market failure that the intervention is expected to correct. Public goods; externalities; competition failures; asymmetric information; and missing markets can all be contributing reasons why the private economy is unable to achieve efficiency. A problem that exists is that regardless that market failures are known they are rarely measured. Despite this the impact of public expenditure depends on the precise extent of the gap between social and private benefit. Public spending is necessary during market failure but not always a sufficient means. The application of a tax, for example, may be much more suited than public spending to correct a negative externality, offsetting the social and private cost difference. Another example is the enforcement of anti-trust regulation, which while breaking down monopolies and correcting competition does not alternatively limit the commodity at issue. However, different tools can be used to measure the affect that public intervention has on market prices. The measured price gap between domestic and world prices is a crucial input into discovering what may happen under different assumptions about policy reform. Estimated per tons and tariffs have an equivalent on producer price as measuring the gap between domestic and world price. In measuring the entire global state of affairs on world agriculture, calculating world prices without the addition of policies may be most appropriate. But the purpose of evaluating agricultural policies is to compare interventions made by governments while pursuing their political objectives. The world price does hold the most importance as it ultimately determines the effort the government makes to ensure a certain level of domestic price is maintained. In terms of agricultural policy reform, the different assumptions about the changing policy reform and trade barriers show changes in both domestic an d world prices, narrowing the price gap. However the ability to change world price lies in the dependence of other countries following the same reform. On a smaller level the measurement of farm support consists of adding two elements; the difference between domestic and world price for commodities multiplied by the amount produced and budgetary transfers. Tariffs, quotas and other restrictions on imports, also subsidies on exports together with government in intervention to boost domestic prices, can create gaps between domestic and world price. To find the producer support estimate (PSE), multiply the gap in prices by the amount of domestic production. The consumer support estimate (CSE), is negative because it is the consumer food subsidies amount minus the implicit tax on consumers from market price support. Therefore, the total support estimate (TSE) is found by adding the PSE, the taxpayer cost of consumption subsidies and the provision of general services, and subtracting import tariff receipts. The measurement tools can used to explain the concept of transfer efficiency. â€Å"Transfers are payments from one agent in the economy to another agent for which there is no corresponding flow of goods and services.†(1a.) Thus the aforementioned measures can determine how appropriately used these transfers are in relation to improving the market economy. To evaluate agricultural policy the objective of the analysis of transfer efficiency â€Å"is to relate the combined taxpayer and consumer costs to the additional income which farmers receive.†(1b.) To put transfer efficiency in to terms, it is the net income gain to farmers that comes from one unit gross transfer cost to consumers and taxpayers. Therefore, transfer efficiency ranges from zero to one. While there is no measurement tool that is greatly superior to compare the transfer efficiency of market price support, these measurements help emphasize the trade-offs. Broadly defined, transfer efficiency focuses on delivering assistance to targeted recipients in the most efficient manner possible. Thus, any estimation of the gains from policy reform needs to take into account the relation between economic intervention and the political response that intervention produces. Policy reform is greatly linked to transfer efficiency and support estimates are grand determinants in studying the success or failure of interventions. (b) Compare and contrast the welfare effects of three of the following interventions designed to raise farm incomes: (i) Import tariff (ii) Deficiency payment (iii) Fertiliser subsidy and (iv) Production quota. What assumptions underlie your analysis? (b) The welfare effects of the following interventions designed to raise farm incomes: (i) Import tariff: Tariffs can have an effect on many different parties including the importing country and the exporting country and the consumers, producers, and Government from both the importing and exporting countries. The importing country consumers of the product suffer due to the increase in the domestic price of both imported goods and the domestic substitutes. This reduces the amount of consumer surplus in the market. Producers in the importing country have a positive gain as the price increase on the domestic market increases producer surplus in the industry and increases output, raises employment and increases profit. Tariff revenue is given to the Government and its benefit is detrimental on how the Government spends it, such as using it to support many government-spending programs, which most likely benefit the public. The impact on the country is determined by totaling the gains and losses to consumers, producers and the government. The overall effect is a positive tra de effect, a negative production distortion and a negative consumption distortion. Since there are both positive and negative elements for the importing country the national welfare effect can be positive or negative. Exporting consumers of the product become better off as the import tariff decreases domestic price and raises the amount of consumer surplus in the market. Exporting producers suffer as the price in their own market decreases along with the producer surplus in the industry. Given that the importing country imposes the tariff there is no effect on the exporting Government revenue. The overall welfare effect for the country is determined by adding the gains and losses to consumers and producers. This effect consists of a negative trade effect, a negative consumption distortion and a negative production distortion, which produces a reduction in national welfare for the exporting country, as all the effects are negative. Adding the national welfare effects in both the importing and exporting countries creates the effect of the import tariff on the world welfare. The overall effect is negative as both the importers and exporter’s consumption and production distortion are each negative. Therefore, an import tariff results in a reduction in world production and consumption efficiency, as the total of the overall losses in the world outnumber the overall gains. (ii) Fertilizer Subsidy: A subsidy for fertilizer is sometimes paid to offset the disincentive effects of low producer prices. Market price support has an effect on the price-ratio between a product and a production input like fertilizer. The expansion in fertilizer subsidy has created greater use due to a distortion of the real price of fertilizer in turn to lower effective pricing. This has resulted in external costs such as a difficulty in monitoring and controlling agricultural pollution. Fertilizer subsidies can be justified, especially in developing countries, in order to maintain soil fertility and to conflict against soil erosion and deforestation. In the 1980’s fertilizer subsidies for countries were estimated at an astounding $2.8 billion, since then this number has rapidly decreased. A need to reduce fertilizer use can be attributed to a generation of health effects. In the world market effects of subsidizing agricultural inputs such as fertilizer raise market barriers and hinders competition, which enables inefficient structures to be protected and maintained. Other negative factors include an indication that rich farmers adversely gain from agricultural subsidies. The welfare effects of an imposed fertilizer subsidy entail a benefit for consumers due to a lower price. Producers’ welfare is not necessarily determinable, as although their price has reduced so have farmers’ costs of production. To establish the effect this subsidy has had, one must be able to find the elasticity of the demand curve. If demand is inelastic, producers will experience a net loss. (1c.) The effect the fertilizer subsidy has had on the total welfare is accounted to the tax placed on the taxpayer. This is found by locating the reduction in the cost of the agricultural product to farmers compared to the new production of wheat produced. (iii.) Production Quota: Production quotas limit the level to which an industry and the individual producer can adjust to changing technical and market conditions. Farm prices are being heavily affected through the rapid growth in supply in contrast to demand, which lowers farm prices and therefore reduces farm incomes. This is a major reason why farmers may seek a production quota to control the rising supply production. When a quota is enforced, if the price falls the supply to the right of the quota becomes inelastic as the producer is not allowed to increase supply. The welfare effects of a production quota are negative on consumer surplus. However, for producers to benefit after a quota the demand curve must be inelastic towards the original price. Also, we must understand that the extent to which structural change is withheld varies based upon the ease of transfer of quota rights. A trade in quota rights between producers may be constrained or there may be blemishes in the quota market. Producers may also try to lease or sell their production quota rights, creating a capital value. However the problems that arise in the future income to farmers may be reduced due to an inability to reform these production quotas. (1d.) The way that quotas are put into effect is to proportionately cutback both the most and least efficient producers but this would also increase the economic costs. To minimize economic costs trade must be encouraged within quotas. This will allow the suppliers whom prevail as the most efficient to purchase quota rights producers that lack efficiency as it will be better served if used by the more efficient of the producers. Under a free market approach, these inefficient producers will be forced from the market, creating an overall more efficient economy and then the production quota will be removed. However, due many restrictions the market is rarely a free and open environment and the welfare effect of a production is generally a negative outcome as a deadweight loss has been created. The assumptions that underlie this analysis are that all of these interventions are created under fair markets. That these markets can all compete together and there is no discrimination between countries. That these interventions reflect a change within each country that is comparable to its contrasting effect within the world economy. That these interventions can be subjectively held accountable upon each individual, for example, that the production quota can be accurately held accountable upon each farmer. Also, fair trade is allowed where there is no bias among trading parties. The major assumption is that when an intervention is put into place the effect will be equally felt by each producer and likewise by each consumer. Also, that the economical practices under which the markets are operated are nominally similar throughout each country. References: Lecture 15. Measuring Costs and Transfer Efficiency of Agricultural Price Policy. ALSTON, J.M. and B.H. HURD (1990), â€Å"Some Neglected Social Costs of Government Spending in Farm Programs,† American Journal of Agricultural Economics www.internationalecon.com www.farmfoundation.org

Gender Equality and the Law Essay -- Feminism Equality Social Issues E

Gender Equality and the Law One of Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s primary goals of the Women’s Rights Project’s litigation was to prove that stereotypical treatment of gender under the law was unconstitutional. It was Ginsburg’s goal to make the Court realize that â€Å"the law’s differential treatment of men and women, rationalized as reflecting â€Å"natural† differences between the sexes, historically had tended to contribute to women’s subordination† (Ginsburg 11). Ginsburg carefully selected cases which she felt would produce the greatest results. To do this, she â€Å"pursue(d) a series of cases that illuminate(d) the most common instances of gender distinctions in the law (Ginsburg 14). In three cases, Reed v. Reed, Frontiero v. Richardson, and Craig v. Boren, Ginsburg was successful in arguing that legal distinctions on the basis of sex qualified as suspect classifications. Therefore the state must show a compelling interest in its legislation, and â€Å" must demonstrate that the means are necessarily related to the ends sought to be achieved by the statue and are the least restrictive† (Mezey 16). Today, it is debatable whether women are equal to men in the eyes of the law. However, without the Women’s Rights Project’s litigation of the nineteen seventies, women would be remain subjected to stereotypical legal treatment and thus would still be regulated to an inferior status of citizenship. The first case in which the Supreme Court invalidated a law which discriminated on the basis of sex became extremely important because it set the president to which many future opinions would refer. Reed v. Reed, 1971, Ginsburg argued that Sally Reed was denied equal protection which should have been protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, when her husband wa... ...udes by stating in it’s opinion for Goesart v. Cleary 1948, that â€Å"Michigan could, beyond question, forbid all women from working behind a bar† (Goldstein 102 ). However, in 1976 the Supreme Court â€Å"refused to approve laws which were based on archaic and overbroad generalizations or on old notions of role typing† (Mezey 19). Clearly, great strides have been taken towards anti stereotypical legislation, in roughly a quarter of a century. Legal equality for women is in large part due to the Women’s Rights Project’s litigation of the nineteen seventies and the legal genius of Ruth Bader Ginsburg who made the Court scrutinize sex Discrimination cases much more closely. The result is that the Supreme Court must â€Å"test policies and practices by asking whether they integrally contribute to the maintenance of an underclass or a deprived position because of gender† (Ginsburg 20).

How visual and/or verbal features showed you that this idea was important Essay

Freedom; a right all human beings cherish and strive for, banishing any ideas of captivity. It is powerful and even more so the ability to control it. â€Å"The Truman Show†, directed by Chrsitof expresses the control of freedom in a utopian society that contradicts the purpose of reality television. This is done through the setting, costume, dialogue and camera shots intertwined in the unique world of Truman Burbank. â€Å"Ladies first†, a common cliche used to emphasizes the polite nature of gentlemen. Yet one can wonder whether it is purely the position and routine application of authority that ensures the power and control of females. In the opening scene of chapter nine â€Å"there’s no place like home†, a three shot of: Truman’s grandmother, Truman and Meryl portrays the genuine hierarchy in Truman’s life. Truman is confined and contained in between these two feminine figures; he is immobile and unable to break free. The setting itself is a cage; surrounding Truman in a world where his freedom is absent. Prevented and restricted from going anywhere, it almost seems like a cruel form of torture. Because I never have†, he has never had the chance to explore the unknown to go anywhere beyond Seahaven. To some this is immoral and wrong, to others it is just â€Å"good† television. Humorous yet serious, a phrase filled with irony and contradiction: Reality television. Reality is defined as a resemblance of what is real, a presentation of the good and bad of life. However like most reality television shows the â€Å"Truman Show† is not reality at all and the entire show completely contradicts its â€Å"mission statement†. Christof has installed different ways of controlling Truman in order to keep him on Seahaven. â€Å"We’re just going to walk away from our financial obligations? † Christof uses Meryl and many other major characters in Truman’s life to influence and exercise power over him, preventing him from daydreaming about the unknown beyond Seahaven. The sea is Christof’s strongest hold over Truman. Filled with memories of loss and pain and afraid from experiencing anymore the sea is Truman’s final frontier. It was the place where his â€Å"dad died† and where his high school sweetheart was taken away from him. After a spontaneous burst of slight madness and insanity in an attempt to leave Seahaven, an overshot of Truman and Meryl in their car stationary at the bridge shows just how much control and manipulation that has stripped Truman of his freedom in order to make a television show. â€Å"It’s all true, it’s all real, nothing here is fake†¦ it’s merely controlled†, unfortunately the control takes away the aspect of reality. Life is not controlled and there is no way that we can control it, which is possibly why reality is so beautiful. The ironic sense of the â€Å"Truman Show† is widely broadcasted in its Utopian society. Utopia is a place everyone wishes to be in, a place of bliss and relaxation where everything is perfect. An establishing shot of Seahaven’s centre expresses the â€Å"utopian† society which confines Truman. Clean streets, perfectly built buildings, beautiful sunshine and impossibly clean mown grass are few of the many â€Å"utopian† aspects in Seahaven. The costume of Meryl also prevents the audience with a stereotypical 1950’s housewife; fair skin, glossy hair, perfect body structure and a beautiful face; all features of every man’s dream girl. Yet in â€Å"There’s no place like home† even beauty and utopia cannot keep us from our hearts desires. The wedding day; a day every single person looks forward to, â€Å"the happiest day of our lives†. However through a medium close up shot of Truman as Meryl says this reveals Truman grunting and rolling his eyes. In the same scene as Meryl and Truman’s grandmother are trying to evoke happy memories of his past, the cross cutting from photos to Truman shows a lack of interest from Truman about what is being discussed. Hidden from Meryl and Truman’s grandmother but wide open for the audience to watch and digest. Truman is not currently happy and satisfied with life because he wants what he has never had. It is a part of human nature to always long for the things we do not have, but Truman has never had the chance to attempt to fulfil his desires as he has been a slave to the world of reality television. Reality is life; it is never in control, never following a set plan because that is what makes reality; reality. â€Å"What you are doing is wrong and sick! † Taking away the freedom of an individual is certainly not a resemblance of reality. You cannot control life no matter how hard you try. It is supposed to be lived out of control in a place where there are no bounds. Though this might be why so many people succeeded in life; because they weren’t held back.

Othello Report Essay Essays

Othello Report Essay Essays Othello Report Essay Paper Othello Report Essay Paper In here, Othello talks about wanting to be remembered with fairness as one who loved too much, how he was tricked into extreme jealousy and as one who did not realize the worth of what he had. He expresses his desire to be recorded as the man who killed a Turk who insulted the state of Venice, and kills himself, dying on Desdemonas bed. Cassio was shocked as he had known Othello as the brave one. Lodovico then ended the tragic incident by asking Cassio to deal with the defeated Iago, asking Gratiano to guard the house leaving him with Othellos fortune. Iago pretty well convinced Othello that his wife was unfaithful. With this lie believed, he became extremely jealous and strangled Desdemona to death, realizing only too late that she is completely innocent after all. As he delivers his last speech, he reflects upon the period of his life and his service as the Venetian army. He describes his transformation from a proud soldier to a murderer. He demanded for the truth to be represented cleanly and asserts that it was his own foolishness and jealousy that caused Desdemonas death, and not the actions of Iago. From line 334 onwards was the romantic use of Othellos language. It was a speech that reestablishes his honorable nature and his greatness. Othello started talking to Lodovico. I have done the state some service this line implies that Othello reminded them who he was back in the past, how he made the state proud of him and his reputation. He commanded Lodovico to record his story faithfully. I pray you in your letters the word pray could mean that he is begging Lodovico to do what Othello says. Then you must speak Of one that loved not wisely, but too well; Of one, not easily jealous, but being wrought Perplexed in the extreme With these lines, Othello reviews the plays dramatic arc. Its brings back how Othello used to be in the beginning of the play, before the whole incident occurred. At the beginning of the play, he is a hero, proud, and dignified. His downfall was due to someone which he could not really control Iago. Like base Indian, threw the pearl away This was referring to Othello himself as he was a black just like an Indian. Base Indian could be the American Indian who did not value precious stones. Othello referred himself to an Indian because he did not recognize Desdemonas true value. Othello then breaks down into tears, something which he is not used to. Albeit unused to the melting mood He allows himself to express sadness at his own fate. Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees This indicated that Othello is having a real heartfelt break down, as he emphasizes that tears were coming down faster than normal, despite that he probably never broke down and cried before. Othello told Lodovico to record his tears, tells him how he once came upon a Turk beating a Venetian and violently killed him. There is a bit of contradictory here. In the beginning of the play, Othello was far more than black but now he has turned Turk and become a true racial outsider. In line 351, the circumcised dog these words sounds ultimately wrong to describe Othello. He could mean himself being betrayed, being a fool, being too gullible, being dumb all these words being put together. He then killed himself: And smote him, thus. It was the same way as the Turk being killed, as mentioned above. In this passage, there were also some words of racism such as Indian, Arabian and turbaned Turk. All these words were being referred to Othello himself when he made his speech. His final words summarized his position at the end of the play, regaining his composure. He started from a noble figure and dies as a murderer. His last speech emphasizes the tragedy of his downfall and perfectly encapsulates the themes of the play. Gratiano indicates that Othellos speech was something unexpected, something which he would never expect to hear coming out from Othellos mouth: All thats spoke is marred. This was probably because Gratiano never expects Othello to be in that state where he gives everything up. As he is dying, he says that he kissed Desdemona before he killed her with regret and sadness. This suggests that perhaps his love for her flickered briefly within his dark soul before he murdered her. He reminds himself that perhaps he was not wholly corrupt, but he dies knowing that his soul is lost. Lodovico speaks to Iago with harsh words. He called him a Spartan dog which meant savagery. More fell that anguish, hunger, or the sea He said that Iago was crueller than anguish, hunger and the sea. They are 3 totally different words that Lodovico that is used to compare Iagos cruelty. This emphasizes that Iago is inhuman, being crueller than anything else. The object poisons sight; Let it be hid. He referred to the sight of Othello slumped against Desdemona on bed as an object as they are already dead. The word poisons could also be referring to Iagos cruelty and unfaithfulness. He wants it not to be seen as not to let anyone be reminded of Iago. He also told Gratiano to grab hold of Othellos possession. As they succeed on you. He thinks Gratiano is the most capable one. Lastly, he told Cassio to decide what to do with Iago, which he referred to as the hellish villain, again emphasizing his cruelty. The next few lines of Lodovicos speech were sad words that ended this whole tragedy. He said he must return to Venice and with heavy heart relates this heavy act. He described both the heart and act heavy indicating the disaster Iago had caused. The speeches made at the last part of the play were all miserable. Othello made his last speech in that way because he wanted the audience to know who he really is before he dies. He speaks about his past service to the Venetian state and he describes himself not as a barbarous foreigner but as one who loved not wisely but too well, as one who was preyed upon and as one perplexed in the extreme. He has accepted what has happened and is willing to punish himself for it.

Work and leisure patterns and globalisation Essay Example

Work and leisure patterns and globalisation Essay Example Work and leisure patterns and globalisation Paper Work and leisure patterns and globalisation Paper Societies among the world have undergone drastic changes throughout the years; these changes may be political, social, economic, demographic, or even environmental. Also under these several changes is the way we value our time- our time for work as well as our time for leisure and recreation. Social and technological changes have changed our way of life. Some opted to stay almost the whole inside their work place while some prefer having more time for recreation and leisure. Economic factors and dictations may also be a factor on what option should an individual would take. Logically speaking, more time for work would mean less time for leisure and recreation and vice versa. In the past, we have witnessed individuals giving much priority to the required time of the work place. The society dictates then the importance of being economically stable ignoring the importance of having leisure and recreational activities. Undeniably, there is a connection between work and leisure; regarding the wide aspects of the term â€Å"work†, people can be divided into two groups: leisure oriented and work oriented. Unfortunately, amidst the busy environment of the world, some people ignore the importance and benefits of having time to relax or spending a little time for leisure’s sake. Some forget that leisure is not just mere wasting one’s time but it is an opportunity to â€Å"re-charge† your energy after spending mush time to work or at home. Spending time for leisure is actually a preparation for a more productive self in the future. â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#2 Leisure and Recreation Leisure can be defined as those activities done for pleasure purposes only which do not involve family and work responsibilities. Leisure activities are usually done to break free from the stressful environment of the workplace as well as of the home. Recreation is basic need of all humans despite different ages and interests which is important to the social, psychological, and physical being of man (National Recreation Statement, 1987). Thus, a day or more are devoted to activities which spell fun and break. Leisure and recreational activities also serve as time to relax and the â€Å"re-charge† after the stressful environment of the workplace and home. We usually consider out-of-town trips as a form of relaxation, leisure or recreation. Unconsciously, leisure and recreation activities bring benefits not just to the group involved but to the society as well. Leisure and Recreation among societies Particular nations around the globe put much importance of having leisure and recreational activities. Several international studies have been made in support of the benefits of having leisure and recreational activities. Studies have been conducted on the effects of recreational and leisure activities among students. Their study revealed that these kinds of activities surprisingly make the rate of school dropouts to decrease (Mahoney and Cairns 1997). â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#3 In Ireland, a study investigated the supports and barriers as well as the opportunities of having recreational and leisure activities. Their survey involved 2, 260 young individuals with ages between 12 and 18 (de Roiste and Dinneen, 2005). Some of the activities that the respondents are involved with are listening to music, watching television, and hanging around with friends. Most of the respondents believe that there is a little opportunity within their area to conduct recreational and leisure activities. Meanwhile, respondents who have financial difficulties are most likely to avoid recreational and leisure activities; while those living in rural areas complain that they transportation difficulties thus serve as a barrier in the recreational and leisure activities. Moreover, a study was conducted on the dependency of recreational and leisure activities on poverty and social exclusion (Daly and Leonard 2002). The research study involved 30 Irish urban and rural families who are cloaked in poverty. Findings of the study showed that respondents who are 12 to 16 years of age are usually engaged in recreational and leisure activities which are not structured. Only two out of the 25 adolescents are engaged in structured recreational and leisure activities. â€Å"Hanging around with friends† is the usual activity of the respondents. In Canada, citizens are tasked to do their own planning of their leisure and recreational activities. The changes happening in the society of Canada has also brought changes in the Canadian workforce. Unemployment and underemployment may cause serious effects among other people; others view these situations as opportunity to have more challenges. Studies show that there people who actually opt to work less for them to have more quality time with their family and to spend some time with their own personal interests. â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#4 Disappointingly, such a social order is not yet fully accepted by the society as it is viewed as something that is not in line with our social norms. The exiting â€Å"social institutions† are perilously not apt to the current needs of the citizens. The individuals within the society must learn how to adapt to certain social conditions for us to be able to achieve social change (Toffler 1983). In Canada focusing on the recreation needs and the behavior of the unemployed persons, based on a study, and some of the conclusions are as follows: Rather than working alone, people seem to feel their own personal meanings during recreational and leisure activities. Given the current social order and the economic environment that we have, the recreation delivery system has not responded to our needs adequately (Reid, 1987). â€Å"Free time† refers to the time which remained after accomplishing tasks related to â€Å"paid labour,† â€Å"unpaid household chores† and other â€Å"personal care† (Goodin, 2005). Some people tend to work longer for them to veer away from poverty. Hence, their time for leisure and recreation suffers. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) conducted the 1992 Australian Time Use Survey which was aimed to evaluate the â€Å"time pressures† made by the concurrence of paid and unpaid household labour. The survey involved 7,056 individuals who are 15 years of age and older. The survey focused on nuclear families as to avoid conflicts on how do responsibilities on the household and income is shared. The respondents of the study were asked to keep of a written account of what they do everyday. Their account should indicate the starting and ending points of each activity within five minutes. â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#5 In cases where there are respondents who are practice â€Å"multi-tasking† or they are doing tasks simultaneously, they are asked to list their â€Å"main activity† and â€Å"what else they were doing. † The respondents involved in the study were also interviewed for the researcher to know their basic background information like age, employment, sex, income, and so on. The answers of the respondents pertaining to their activities were actually grouped into different categories. The categories include: â€Å"time spent in paid labour,† â€Å"time spent in unpaid household labour,† and the last, â€Å"time spent in personal care. † The remaining times were under â€Å"free time. † Work Patterns Much has been written about the sociology of leisure and work. The usual definitions of work revolve around paid labour and employment with wage. During the 1970s, there were almost the same average working hours for the persons in the United States and in Europe. However, after some decades, the trend had drastically changed as the average working hours of individuals in Europe became only the half of the average working hours of the people in the United States (Alesina, Glaesar, and Sacerdote, 2005). These differences may be brought about by the â€Å"enormous† differences between the labor supply of Germany and France and the United States (Prescott, 2004). Economies may be categorized into sub-categories which involve paid labor or simply, work (Pahl and Gershuny, 1980): â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#6 Formal economy- a kind of economy which is recognised by the government with work recorded in official statistics. Informal economy- this is usually called the black market economy. People working in this kind of economy evade tax that the government imposes. They are not also declaring earnings. Household economy- this kind of economy pertains to the work accomplished within the household by its members. Communal economys of the occupations under this are: social works, business, and teaching. Work is more prioritized than any other else including family and leisure. Individuals with an extended work pattern usually do not have much time for leisure intended for their personal development. On the other hand, individuals with a neutrality pattern of work ha a clear understanding or distinction between leisure and work. Their time for their family and leisure are equally the focus of their lives. Their occupations usually are usually of low autonomy and their job satisfaction is with wage and conditions not in the work itself. Their occupations may be into clerical worker or any semi-skilled manual job. Individuals who have this kind of work pattern have longer hours from recreational and leisure activities intended for relaxation. Meanwhile, those individuals who have an opposition work pattern put recreation and â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#7 leisure at the center of their lives. Their work is vividly different from mere leisure. Their occupations usually have a very low of autonomy which makes them hostile toward their jobs. Their hours devoted for leisure and very long. Their occupations may involve the usual unskilled manual work. Work pattern may refer to the concept of being part time or full time in work; or to the number of hours an individual devote to his work. Work patterns may vary among individuals and societies as there are different natures of jobs. Among the known working patterns are: Short-time work Regular day time hours Regular night time hours Week end work Shift work Flexible working hours Work with deferred work periods Also, there are circumstances in which working hours are divided in a day by long pauses or termed as the â€Å"split shift. † This situation is usual among countries with a relatively hot climate and among individuals who are into social care and even public transport. As industrialisation is becoming more evident around the globe, changes in the work patterns are also becoming evident just like in Japan. In Japan, the usual office hours is nine to six and their overtime is between two and three hours. These working patterns in Japan led to crowded trains and made the women â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#8 from their career tracks because of their family. Publication companies based in Japan that have obviously tight deadlines to follow cannot afford to pay the over time pay of their employees. Employees in publication companies practically have to work non stop to comply with the deadlines that they have. But because the budget of the majority of the companies is not enough, they have resorted lately to let their employees work using â€Å"flexible time models. † These flexible time models will allow each employee to make up for their over time before the deadline that has to be met on days after. Thus, the company will only pay as if the employees only worked for eight hours each day. This serves as one of the austerity measures of the private companies in Japan. This seems disadvantageous on the side of the employees. While they are underpaid and overworked, their time for recreational and leisure activities are eaten up by their work. However, this flexible time model turned out to be illegal in Japan. In the present Labour Law Standards Law enacted in 1946, during the time when workers are into manufacturing, the work and leisure are clear-cut. The time spent in the work place should be equal to the output of the employee. There is an average of fourty hours of overtime among civil workers in Kasumigaseki and for the majority of the companies, the over time is even higher. If these companies would actually pay for the time spent in the work place of their employees, they are most likely to face financial problems (Nikkei Shinbun, 2006). Because of the labour law that is no longer applicable to the current situation, the Labour Policy Advisory Council is now deliberating the â€Å"White Collar Exemption† just like what has been adopted in the United States. The executives working in offices â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#9 will be able to set their flexible hours in work for them to be able to compensate for their overtime. Tourism and Globalisation Tourism increases decreases our reliance on local resources like food, technologies, among others. Also, tourism increases the dependence of the local economy to the global market. People of the locality will also be pushed to sell out and the prices of the services, as well as the commodities, may rise. We have witnessed different groups that are formed protesting the concept of â€Å"globalization. † Globalisation mainly pushes for free trade and the regional agreements like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT and the European Union. Organizations against globalisation claim that promoting expanded economy units will just result to urbanization which in essence, will destroy the wilderness and rural communities of the world. Meanwhile, proponents said that globalisation will bring us â€Å"global cooperation† and prosperity in the long run. However, according to the International Society for Ecology and Culture, what the proponents are saying are much far from the reality. Expanding the economy units and increasing the level of world trades would mean and greater gap between the rich and the poor. More so, it could lead to environmental degradation, and progress of big corporation in expense of the citizens of the world. Tourism is a vital factor in international relations. Tourism serves as a huge business for private companies as well as for the government. â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#10 Work, Leisure, and Globalisation Globalisation may be defined as the â€Å"global connectivity† among nations which concerns technological, ecological, social, economic, political, and cultural spheres. The term â€Å"globalisation† originated way back in the 20th century when there no still consciousness among the nations of the world about the concept. Despite its other concerns, globalisation is mostly being related to the economic interdependency of nations. Some economic factors that are usually related with globalisation are: goods and services, capital, labour, and technology. Globalisation promised the nations of the world more employment opportunities, economic progress, and social development, among others. Several debates and arguments have been heard from the opposing groups who are pushing and taking stand against the globalisation. In the long run, globalization may affect the work and leisure patterns of the societies around the globe. We have seen how globalisation affected the work patterns in the different parts of the world. We know that globalization mainly talks about economic development. Hence, this may mean more job opportunities and more load of work for the citizens of the world. Our time will be spent more in the work place than in having more recreational and leisure activities. Globalisation would mean less time to relax. In the context of globalization, less recreational and leisure activities would mean more work and money. Conclusion As expected, globalisation has an adverse effect on our work and leisure patterns. â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#11 Though proponents of globalisation argue that globalisation is the betterment of each nation in the world, we cannot deny the fact that it has also negative effects. Often neglected by some societies, work and leisure patterns truly affect our productivity as a nation. We have heard arguments from the anti-globalisation groups that extending the economy units if each country would only harm the countries that do not have stable economies yet. Also the political and cultural aspects of each nation in the world will be greatly affected. Globalisation not only intervenes in the economic autonomy of each country but also in the political and cultural characteristics of a nation. Although some may not be conscious of the changes that have been or would soon be taking place due to globalisation, we must remain watchful of these changes that would soon effects us as individuals. By this, it means that certain social practices will be affected by globalisation. We do not know up to what extent does globalisation will â€Å"invade† each nation. What is evident is that globalisation will make the norms and usual activities of a nation will be subjected to change. As leisure tourism is connected with the political and cultural landscape of a nation, globalisation will also have adverse effect on it. On the political aspect, the policies that will be implemented will have higher risks of having provisions that will only benefit the â€Å"outsider nations† rather than its inhabitants. Profit will the main concern of the policymakers since it is the primary concern of the proponents of globalisation. The welfare of the citizens of the country will be neglected. Although globalisation may indeed give more employment opportunities within the locality â€Å"WORK ANDLEISURE PATTERN AND GLOBALISATION† Page#12 of leisure tourism, we cannot deny the possibility of higher prices of commodities and degradation of the localities’ natural resources. On the cultural aspect, meanwhile, the cultural orientation of the localities might change because of globalisation. Leisure tourists’ spots might be adopted according to the needs of the foreigners while serving their interests instead of the locality. This means that globalisation, later on, will greatly influence the work and leisure patterns of each citizen around the world. Leisure, indeed, has been ignored by some as they opt to have a higher earning. But then, leisure is a â€Å"way of being†; it is of great help for us to be more productive as we go back to work. The quality of the â€Å"free time† that we could get mainly depends on the individual and the society- in a larger scale. In the end, we should not let globalisation â€Å"eat† much of our time. We should put importance to the vitality of having some time for relaxation and leisure. References: _________ (2006) â€Å"Leisure for Pleasure†¦How to Take Charge of Your Leisure Time† [Online] Available at: warrenshepell. com/WCMS/EN-CA/Employees+and+Families+Home/Wellness+Articles/HealthQuest+Newsletter/_Leisure+For+Pleasure+How+To+Take+Charge+Of+Your+Leisure+Time. htm __________. (2005) â€Å"East and Brighton Hove Structure Plan† [Online] Available at: eastsussex. gov. uk/NR/rdonlyres/5EA74603-5D38-4140-9FB7-33B267A3230E/0/Section_A_10Leisureandtourism. pdf ______. (2005) â€Å"Globalization: Saving Thailand’s other languages. † [Online] Available at: iht. com/articles/2006/10/23/features/lang. php ________. (2005) â€Å"Recreation and Needs Study† [Online] Available at: geelongaustralia. com. au/Services_In_Geelong/Planning/Strategic_Planning/Recreation_and_Leisure_Needs_Study/ ________. (2005) â€Å"Leisure, Work, and the Use of Time. † [Online] Available at : http://eric. ed. gov/ERICWebPortal/Home. portal? _nfpb=true_pageLabel=RecordDetailsERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED037626ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accnoobjectId=0900000b800ced5d _______. (2006) â€Å"Tourism† [Online] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tourism ________. (2006) â€Å"What is Leisure? † [Online] Available at: whywork. org/about/faq/leisure. html _______. (2006) â€Å"Leisure† [Online] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Leisure _______. (2006) â€Å"Globalization. † [Online] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Globalization ALESINA, A. , ET. AL. (2005) â€Å"Work and Leisure in the US and Europe: Why so Different? † [Online] Available at: nber. org/papers/W11278 BYRNE, TINA. (2006) â€Å"Free Time and Leisure Needs of Young People Living in Disadvantaged Communities. † [Online] Available at: cpa. ie/research/seminars/presentations/2006-04-26_TinaByrneEtAl. pdf CAIRNS, J. M. A. R. (1997) Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout? Developmental Psychology, 241-253. CHAPLIN, DAVINA. (1999)  « Consuming work/productive leisure: the consumption patterns of second home environments. † [Online] Available at: http://taylorandfrancis. metapress. com/content/7de26lxpu11pgmkh/ COUNCIL, I. S. A. R. (1987) National Recreation Statement. DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES. 2002. â€Å"Alternative Work Patterns Policy. † [Online] Available at: uwm. edu/Dept/HR/refmaterial/htms/alt_work_policy. html DEUTSCH, MARIA. (2006) â€Å"Changing Work Patterns in Japan. † [Online] Available at: focusjapan. com/0210_105_focus_japan DINNEEN, A. D. R. A. J. (2005) Young Peoples Views about Opportunities, Barriers and Supports to Recreation and Leisure. National Childrens Office. GOODIN, R. (2005) The time-pressure illusion: Discretionary time vs. free time. Social Indicators Research 73, 43–70. HULME, B. (2000) Definitions of work, non work, and leisure. [Online] Available at: le. ac. uk/education/resources/SocSci/defwork. html LEONARD, M. D. A. M. (2002) Against All Odds: Family Life on a Low Income in Ireland. Dublin, Combat Poverty Agency. MCLAREN, DEBORAH. (2003) â€Å"Rethinking Tourism and Ecotravel†, Kumarian Press, Inc. MERG, MIKE. (1999) â€Å"Tourism, Globalisation and Sustainable Development. † [Online] Available at: untamedpath.com/Ecotourism/globalisation. html NATIONAL STATISTICS. (2005) â€Å"Employment/Related Employment concepts/Work Pattern† [Online] Available at: statistics. gov. uk/about/data/guides/LabourMarket/concepts/employment/aspects/pattern. asp J. GERSHUNY, R. P. (1980) Britain in the decade of the three economies. New Society. UNECSO Courier. (2006) â€Å"The Globalization of tourism. † [Online] Available at: unesco. org/courier/1999_08/uk/dossier/txt13. htm UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER. (2005) â€Å"Definitions of work, non work, and leisure. † [Online] Available at: le. ac.uk/education/resources/SocSci/defwork. html REID, DONALD. (2005) â€Å"Tourism, Globalization, and Development. † [Online] Available at: press. umich. edu/titleDetailDesc. do? id=114303 SCHNEIDER, PAIGE. (2005) â€Å"Leisure Activity Patterns and Household Composition: the Changing Household. † [Online] Available at: http://72. 14. 253. 104/search? q=cache:7Gmg7sQw_roJ:www. fs. fed. us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/pdfs/2006/341%2520papers/schneider341. pdf+leisure+patternhl=tlct=clnkcd=27gl=ph TOFFLER, A. (1983) Previews Premises, New York, William Morrow Co.

20 Very Important Things To Do Before 30

20 Very Important Things To Do Before 30 The Big Three-Oh is a milestone in anybody’s life. But your 20s are a fertile decade for getting things done- especially things you might not have the time or energy to do when you get your life and career on lockdown in your 30s. Here are 20 important things to do before 30.1. TravelYou’ll never be freer than you are in your 20s. Take every opportunity you can to go new places and experience new parts of the world. Let each new thing you see inform your worldview as you widen your horizons.2. Put money awayIt is never too early to start a 401k or other retirement account, but it can become too late. Just remember: the more you put away early (and the earlier you start), the better off you’ll be.3. Learn to cookLearn to make a few simple dishes from scratch. Learn to follow a recipe. Stock your kitchen and your repertoire with a few basics and signature items, and you’ll be in good shape for growing up.4. Learn to take care of yourselfThis is the only body you’ll ever have. Make sure you’re taking care of yourself and that you can tell the difference between good health and poor health- then start making choices that will keep you in good health as you get older. If something’s off, go to the doctor. Don’t wait until it becomes a major problem.5. Make a budgetThe time for overdrawing your checking account is over. Figure out what you can afford to spend after you’ve paid your bills and stick within that range each month. Don’t miss payments on credit cards or bills or risk your financial future.6. Live aloneIt can be scary being on your own. But you also learn valuable skills and get to know yourself. You’ll develop an independence that will make you a much better partner or family member in the long run- and you’ll have fewer resentments and regrets when you do settle down.7. Get a credit cardDon’t abuse it; pay your bill completely every month. It is vital to build good credit and you should start as early as you can. Be sure only to use it for purchases you’re certain you can pay off immediately as you establish your borrowing history.8. Be with someoneSerial dating and casual hook-ups are great, and yeah, you don’t want to settle down for a long time †¦ but having a real relationship, even and especially one that probably won’t lead to marriage, is an important step in personal development. You’ll learn a huge amount about yourself and how to live and love with other people.9. Finish schoolNot everyone is lucky enough to graduate in their 20s. Take advantage of the opportunity if you have it. It’s never too late to go back and finish, but it’s a great idea to get it out of the way as early as possible. The future will be yours.10. Learn about your carDon’t just play dumb every time your car breaks down. Get to know its anatomy and needs so that you can take good care of it- much like your own body- and maybe then it won’t break down and cost you tons of money!11. Save for emergenciesHave an emergency savings fund for unforeseen catastrophes and unexpected expenses. You’ll never know when you might need it. Hopefully you won’t! Worst case scenario: you’ll have saved extra for something great later down the road.12. Read moreJust because most people are glued to their smart phones and televisions doesn’t mean you can’t read an actual book now and then. It’s both relaxing and educational and will make you a better and more interesting human being.13. Learn to say ‘no’Set and maintain boundaries for yourself. Don’t just run off in every direction you are pushed. Learn what you want and what is best for you and try to keep that in mind when new opportunities are offered to you.14. Build your valuesFigure out who you want to be. What are your beliefs, what do you want, and what is your moral code? Figuring o ut your values can be a great way of making sure you’re solid in them when you really need to rely on something essential in yourself in a crisis.15. Learn who your real friends areWho can you call at 3 a.m. when you’re sad or scared? Who do you know that will bail on you at the last minute? Get a strong grip on who your real friends are and which people are just fun acquaintances. Then nurture your friendships carefully and hold onto them for dear life.16. Go to the doctorThere’s a reason preventative care is now fully covered by insurance. Get your annual wellness exam. And your well woman exam- if that applies to you. Get your teeth cleaned twice a year. It’s always a better idea to be proactive. Err on the side of good health always.17. Learn to make yourself happyNo one can make you happy but yourself. It is a skill that comes from inside. Learn to find a bit of inner peace and be happy with and in yourself. The rest will fall into place.18. Take pic turesMost young people are constantly snapping photos to share on social media. This isn’t always a bad thing. When you’re old and grey you’ll treasure the memories.19. Love yourselfAccept yourself for who you are- strengths and weaknesses- and learn to love yourself. You cannot love anyone else truly until you can do this. This is the key to success and happiness in life. Hold fast to it.20. Do moreThese goals are just the bare minimum. Set other goals for yourself. Then set more! Make sure to keep setting short and long term goals and constantly pushing yourself to be and do better. You’ll never regret the progress you will make.

Women's Rights in Australian Context Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women's Rights in Australian Context - Assignment Example The 1970s and 1980s and some part of 1960s saw a second wave which was fundamentally directed at earning women rights equal to those enjoyed by men in Australia (skwirk.com.au, 2011). Importance of women’s rights in context of Australian politics: Women’s contribution can be seen as an integral part of almost all aspects of development in Australia. Despite their dedication and devotion for the development of Australian economy, culture and society, women in Australia had to overcome numerous social as well as institutional barriers in order to have their footprint marked on the Australian history. On the road to equality, Australian women have conventionally experienced tremendous setbacks along with some successes. This can be estimated from the fact that Australia was among the very first countries that provided women with the opportunity to be in the parliament and the right to vote. Yet, it is unfortunate that Australia did not appoint any female federal Cabinet-le vel minister until 1949 and the government required the female workers of the federal public service to resign upon marriage till the year 1966. Women experienced a tremendous social change in Australia in the two decades of 1970s and 1980s. â€Å"This period saw the emergence of articulate, politically focused women who campaigned in an organised way for equal pay, equal opportunity in education and the workplace, safe contraception, planned parenthood and adequate child-care facilities† (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2011). This period significantly improved the women’s status in Australia in comparison to men and the federal legislation had to put a ban on sex discrimination in 1984. Development of such reforms as pensions from the government for single mothers and childcare facilities followed. With the right to sit in the parliament and cast the vote, women’s rights are of huge significance to Australian politics. Besides, the way women have show ed up their strength in the 1970s and 1980s contains a lot of lessons for the political authorities in Australia. Current state of debate in Australia regarding women’s rights: People hold varying opinions regarding the influence of the women’s liberation movement upon the socioeconomic and political scenario of Australia. Although violence against women has gained increased recognition in Australia, yet women’s rights have still not fully been acknowledged. Today, Australian women have much more freedom of choice for reproduction unlike 1960s. Many women have gained important positions in both business and politics, though to achieve them, women still have to encounter much more challenges than men do. Women’s movement has done much to make most of the people acknowledge the equality of rights of men and women in Australia, but still little was done to alter the conventional roles of men and women in home. Women have much more opportunities today than th ey have had at any point in time in the past, yet women are still largely denied access to powerful positions in the organizations. More than 50 per cent of contemporary Australian population is women. Accordingly, more and more women have started to receive higher education. â€Å"In 2006, women accounted for 54.8 per cent of all tertiary education students and 47.5 per cent of all students enrolled in vocational education and training courses† (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2011). Most of the female students are studying food, management, nursing and commerce. Their representation in the engineering or building courses is not well up to the mark, with only 4.6 per cent of women entering these professions. Therefore, contemporary agencies are aware that not much